The most critical route for losses is a leak, as they are considered to contribute an estimated of 70% of water loss in water transmission systems, this value is expected to become higher in undermanaged networks (Van Zyl and Clayton 2007). There are multiple causes for loss of water in transmission pipelines which include leakage, metering errors, public usage such as firefighting, and theft (Hunaidi 2000 El-Abbasy et al. Water transmission pipelines periodically lose an average of 20% to 30% of the water transmitted through them, and those numbers can escalate above 50% in old systems especially ones that have suffered from inefficient maintenance. Urban water is regularly transmitted using underground pipelines. Approximately one billion individuals around the globe are unable to access clean drinking water (Krchnak 2016). Water is a critical source of life on our planet it plays paramount roles in agriculture, manufacturing, production of electricity, and to keep humanity healthy. Finally, this article provides a summary of popular leak detection technologies to provide a broad sense of understanding for the leak detection field of research. The two systems are defined as well as their differentiative capabilities. Furthermore, two classes of leak detection systems are identified, static leak detection systems and dynamic leak detection systems. This article also defines a novel approach to define the leak detection phases, i.e., the identify-localize-pinpoint approach. Additionally, in-depth analysis of a randomly selected sample of papers was conducted to draw a sense of the progress in the industry over the past four decades. The analysis of the web of knowledge output presents a set of the ten most used keywords in the field of leak detection in pipelines that are further described and analyzed.
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#Smart pipenet software#
This research work provides a thorough investigation into the history of leak detection in pipelines by surveying the web of knowledge database and visualizing the outputs using visualization software VOSviewer and CiteNetExplorer. This creates a need to prevent the threat of leaks and minimize their damages through extensive research in leak detection technology. Leaks in resource transmission pipelines is a growing concern for the water transmission industry.